According to SeaGrant Delaware, the Delaware beaches generate $6.9 billion annually and over $711 million in tax revenue.[116]. Coverage of the system is broad within northern New Castle County with close association to major highways in Kent and Sussex counties. In the 1600s, the temperature year round was 32 to 72 degrees Fahrenheit which is moderate. It was initially colonized by Dutch traders at Zwaanendael, near the present town of Lewes, in 1631. Climate in Delaware. Penn strongly desired access to the sea for his Pennsylvania province and leased what then came to be known as the "Lower Counties on the Delaware"[21] from the Duke. Delaware saw 8.5 million visitors in 2015, with the tourism industry employing 41,730 people, making it the 4th largest private employer in the state. Delaware's all-time record high of 110 °F (43 °C) was recorded at Millsboro on July 21, 1930. Delaware's geographical features are represented on the maps to the left. The Delmarva Central Railroad connects with the Maryland and Delaware Railroad, which serves local customers in Sussex County. Obama's running mate was Joe Biden, who had represented Delaware in the United States Senate since 1973. "The First to Ratify" would be more accurate, as the beginnings of the states themselves date back to the Declaration of Independence, celebrated July 4, 1776, when what was to become the State of Delaware was still the three lower counties of Pennsylvania with the governor in Philadelphia, and not establishing independence from that body until, Maryland and Delaware identify as Northeast, Pennsylvania Railroad local division timetable, 1965, All named trains were gone by the end of 1957, Learn how and when to remove this template message, United States Declaration of Independence, Constitutional Convention (United States), List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union, African Union First Colored Methodist Protestant Church and Connection, American Public Transportation Association, Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport, Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, Freedom of information in the United States § State legislation, Times Higher Education World University Rankings, New Castle Court House, Green, and Sheriff's House, "Elevations and Distances in the United States", "Delaware's new tourism brand: Endless Discoveries", "Enigma, Georgia: Mystery of the South's Circular Towns", "Extreme and Mean Elevations by State and Other Area", "A Summary of the Geologic History of Delaware", "Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth", 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2, "The Growth of Delaware's Antebellum Free African Community", "Kent County defies slower, lower nickname", "Home : Geographic Information : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics", "Regional Climate Centers – National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) formerly known as National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)", "Northeast Regional Office – National Historic Landmarks Program", Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States, "Population and Population Centers by State", "Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot", "Demographic, Social and Economic Profile for Delaware", "The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report", "In 'very religious' USA, Gallup sees Delaware residents as 'moderately' so—by 1 percent", "LGBT Percentage Highest in D.C., Lowest in North Dakota", "BREAKING: Delaware To Become 11th State With Marriage Equality", "Delaware housing: Home prices slide in all three counties; sales in NCCo, Kent down from year ago", "National Vulcanized Fibre Corp. site in Yorklyn", "AstraZeneca lays off workers at Delaware headquarters", "Delaware officials concerned about AstraZeneca, DuPont threats", "DuPont to cut 1,700 jobs in Delaware in January", "DuPont merger called 'catastrophic' for Delaware", "DuPont merger: A 'sad day' for Delaware", "DuPont-Dow merger 'catastrophic' for Delaware", "Chemours will lay off 400, including some in Delaware", "Delaware 2007 Fiscal Notebook—State General Fund Revenues by Category (F.Y. You won't ever have to worry about going hungry here. [87] As of 2012[update], fees for the paratransit service have not changed since 1988. Because of surveying errors, the actual line is several compound arcs with centers at different points in New Castle. Mean annual temperatures across the State range from 54.0 ° F in northern New Castle County to 58.1 ° F along the Atlantic coast of southern Delaware. Although Protestants account for almost half of the population,[58] the Catholic Church is the largest single denomination in the state. The Delmarva Peninsula occupies portions of three U.S. states: Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. So it was that New Castle lawyer Thomas McKean denounced the Stamp Act in the strongest terms, and Kent County native John Dickinson became the "Penman of the Revolution." This toponymic could derive from Latin ager, from the Breton gwern or from the Late Latin varectum (fallow). Delaware - Delaware - The colony: The Dutch founded the first European settlement in Delaware at Lewes (then called Zwaanendael) in 1631. In the early 1920s farmers in Sussex county discovered the profitability of trucking young chickens to the Philadelphia poultry market. As of October 2019[update], the state's unemployment rate was 3.7%. In addition, the Delaware General Corporation Law, which forms the basis of the Courts' opinions, is widely regarded as giving great flexibility to corporations to manage their affairs. The state does not assess sales tax on consumers. In 2015, tourism in Delaware generated $3.1 billion, which makes up five percent of the state's GDP. Delaware Colony was part of the Middle Colonies and played a pivotal role in the ratification of the Declaration of Independence.It was originally settled by the Swedish and Dutch under the leadership of Peter Minuit, but fell under English control in the mid-17th century.. In 2008, Democrat Barack Obama defeated Republican John McCain in Delaware by 25 percentage points. Democrats presently hold all the nine statewide elected offices, while the Republicans last won two statewide offices in 2014, State Auditor and State Treasurer. As of 2000 91% of Delaware residents age 5 and older speak only English at home; 5% speak Spanish. The southern boundary is swampland with over 30,000 acres of swamp. Delaware occupies the northeastern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and some islands and territory within the Delaware River. This page provides an overview of the steps Delaware is taking to prepare for the impacts of climate change. [68], The state's largest employers are:[dubious – discuss], Since the mid-2000s, Delaware has seen the departure of the state's automotive manufacturing industry (General Motors Wilmington Assembly and Chrysler Newark Assembly), the corporate buyout of a major bank holding company (MBNA), the departure of the state's steel industry (Evraz Claymont Steel), the bankruptcy of a fiber mill (National Vulcanized Fibre),[69] and the diminishing presence of AstraZeneca in Wilmington. Saltwater marsh, Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge, Delaware. [30] This was renamed as the African Union First Colored Methodist Protestant Church and Connection, more commonly known as the A.U.M.P. The colony became a slave society and cultivated tobacco as a cash crop, although English immigrants continued to arrive. By the 1860 census on the verge of the Civil War, 91.7% of the black population were free;[28] 1,798 were slaves, as compared to 19,829 "free colored persons".[29]. From 1703 to 1738 New York and New Jersey shared a governor. Wilmington, the largest city, is situated in the area where the Brandywine, Christina, and Delaware rivers come together. The definition of the northern boundary of the state is unusual. The colony was especially agricultural because of its fertile soil and agreeable climate, which allowed the early settlers to grow great bounty from the earth. Title 4, chapter 7 of the Delaware Code stipulates that alcoholic liquor be sold only in specifically licensed establishments, and only between 9:00 a.m. and 1:00 a.m.[82] Until 2003, Delaware was among the several states enforcing blue laws and banned the sale of liquor on Sunday. Multiple short-line railroads provide freight service in Delaware. They were descendants chiefly of relationships or marriages between white servant women and enslaved, servant or free African or African-American men. According to the Delaware state website, monthly temperatures in Delaware range on average from 75.8 to 32.0 degrees Fahrenheit. [94][95], The DART First State public transportation system was named "Most Outstanding Public Transportation System" in 2003 by the American Public Transportation Association. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. This allowed for a growing season of 5-7 months. [26] Under slavery law, children took the social status of their mothers, so children born to white women were free, regardless of their paternity, just as children born to enslaved women were born into slavery. Delaware's official state sport is bicycling.[118]. Delaware Colony in the North American Middle Colonies consisted of land on the west bank of the Delaware River Bay.In the early 17th century the area was inhabited by Lenape and possibly the Assateague tribes of Native Americans. Moderated by the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay, the southern portion of the state has a milder climate and a longer growing season than the northern portion of the state. The surname de La Warr comes from Sussex and is of Anglo-Norman origin. Delaware’s climate is changing. Delaware`s southern region is made up of more than 30,000 swampy acres. Shifts in the agriculture economy from tobacco to mixed farming resulted in less need for slaves' labor. Following the American Revolution, statesmen from Delaware were among the leading proponents of a strong central United States with equal representation for each state. The Wedge of land between the northwest part of the arc and the Maryland border was claimed by both Delaware and Pennsylvania until 1921, when Delaware's claim was confirmed. Spencer built a church in Wilmington for the new denomination. As of 2014[update], Delaware is mostly Christian. Delaware has a humid climate with hot summers and mild winters. It's bordered by the Chesapeake Bay on the west, and the Delaware River, Delaware Bay, and Atlantic Ocean on the east. The first European settlers in the area were Swedes, who were Lutheran Protestants, and the Dutch, who practiced Protestant Calvinism. [89], Delaware has about 1,450 bridges, 95 percent of which are under the supervision of DelDOT. [b] Although the Twelve-Mile Circle is often claimed to be the only territorial boundary in the U.S. that is a true arc, the Mexican boundary with Texas includes several arcs,[13] and many cities in the South (such as Plains, Georgia)[14] also have circular boundaries. [21][22] Only nine years later, in 1664, the Dutch were conquered by a fleet of English ships by Sir Robert Carr under the direction of James, the Duke of York. The Delaware Constitution establishes a number of courts: Minor non-constitutional courts include the Justice of the Peace Courts and Aldermen's Courts. In recent years, increasing development has led to the decline in the number of Amish living in the community. For the indigenous people, see, Map of the United States with Delaware highlighted, Interactive map showing border of Delaware (click to zoom), 2018 United States Census Bureau Estimate. [16] A ridge about 75 to 80 feet (23 to 24 m) high extends along the western boundary of the state and separates the watersheds that feed Delaware River and Bay to the east and the Chesapeake Bay to the west. The Northeast Corridor is also served by SEPTA's Wilmington/Newark Line of Regional Rail, which serves Claymont, Wilmington, Churchmans Crossing, and Newark. The paratransit system, consisting of a statewide door-to-door bus service for the elderly and disabled, has been described by a Delaware state report as "the most generous paratransit system in the United States". The annual average precipitation is nearly 45 inches (1,140 mm). On December 7, 1787, Delaware became the first state to ratify the Constitution of the United States, and has since been known as The First State. [citation needed]. Poultry is the state’s leading agricultural product. Church, the oldest African-American denomination in the nation, was founded in Wilmington. With the loss of their lands on the Delaware River and the destruction of the Minqua by the Iroquois of the Five Nations in the 1670s, the remnants of the Lenape who wished to remain identified as such left the region and moved over the Alleghany Mountains by the mid-18th century. In the north winter temperatures vary from a low of 23° F (–5° C) in January to a high of 86° F (30° C) in July. During this time, its major crops were … The Unami Lenape in the Delaware Valley were closely related to Munsee Lenape tribes along the Hudson River. The Delmarva Central Railroad operates the most trackage of the short-line railroads, running from an interchange with Norfolk Southern in Porter south through Dover, Harrington, and Seaford to Delmar, with another line running from Harrington to Frankford and branches from Ellendale to Milton and from Georgetown to Gravel Hill. The coastal plain region, low-lying hills and river valleys of Pennsylvania were notable for their long summers and mild winters. Also, wooded areas spread throughout the colony. After 1945, economic development, especially in the chemical industry, attracted many skilled newcomers to northern Delaware, which, in turn, spurred the development of suburbs around Wilmington. Various airlines had served Wilmington Airport, the latest departure being Frontier Airlines in April 2015.[96]. Corn (maize) and soybeans are major ancillary crops. Wilmington is the state's most populous city (70,635) and its economic hub. Delaware, Delaware gets 45 inches of rain, on average, per year. They quickly set up a trade in beaver furs with the Native Americans, who within a short time raided and destroyed the settlement after a disagreement between the two groups. By the end of the colonial period, the number of enslaved people in Delaware began to decline. New Castle County also elects a substantial majority of the legislature; 27 of the 41 state house districts and 14 of the 21 state senate districts are based in New Castle County. As the flow of indentured laborers to the colony decreased with improving economic conditions in England, more slaves were imported for labor and the caste lines hardened. The land that became Delaware was deeded to William Penn and was eventually separated from Pennsylvania and became … The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle in present-day Delaware in the middle region by establishing a trading post at Zwaanendael, near the site of Lewes in 1631. Until the 2000 presidential election, the state tended to be a Presidential bellwether, sending its three electoral votes to the winning candidate since 1952. Like the other middle colonies, the Lower Counties on the Delaware initially showed little enthusiasm for a break with Britain. In 2020, Democratic nominee, former vice president and Delaware native Joe Biden beat incumbent President Donald Trump in the state by over 19 percentage points. Data from NOAA Climate at a Glance. The lieutenant governor is Bethany Hall-Long. The US average is 28 inches of snow per year. The racial composition of the state was: Ethnically, Hispanics and Latinos of any race made up 8.2% of the population. DE 404 is another primary east–west highway connecting the Chesapeake Bay Bridge in Maryland with the Delaware beaches. The hardiness zones are 7a and 7b. [77] The state's attractiveness as a corporate haven is largely because of its business-friendly corporation law. [56][57] Neither bill was passed in the legislature. Climate in Delaware. CSX's Philadelphia Subdivision passes through northern New Castle County parallel to the Amtrak Northeast Corridor. The northern part of the state is served by network stations in Philadelphia and the southern part by network stations in Salisbury, Maryland. Atlantic City International Airport (ACY), Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR), and Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (DCA) are also within a 100-mile (160 km) radius of New Castle County. In 2009, DelDOT maintained 13,507 lane-miles, totaling 89 percent of the state's public roadway system, the rest being under the supervision of individual municipalities. Reflecting new immigrant populations, an Islamic mosque has been built in the Ogletown area, and a Hindu temple in Hockessin. Delaware averages 13 inches of snow per year. Most of the free African-American families in Delaware before the Revolution had migrated from Maryland to find more affordable land. 2002–2005)", "State of Delaware—Division of Corporations", "Del. The state is divided into three counties, having the lowest number of any state; from north to south, they are New Castle County, Kent County, and Sussex County. Delaware was the first state to ratify the United States constitution. [100], Delaware is subdivided into three counties; from north to south they are New Castle, Kent and Sussex. colonial Delaware had much more of a mild temperature. The peninsula is about 180 long, and nearly 71 miles wide. In addition local Methodists and Quakers encouraged slaveholders to free their slaves following the American Revolution, and many did so in a surge of individual manumissions for idealistic reasons. Hardwoods are characteristic in the north, but pines become mixed with hardwoods in the south. Some bridges not under DelDOT supervision includes the four bridges on the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, which are under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the Delaware Memorial Bridge, which is under the bi-state Delaware River and Bay Authority. [72] The merger of E.I. What was the geography and climate like in 1600s colonial Delaware? Climate and Geography. Obama carried Delaware by 19 percentage points in 2012. The coastal and inland waters yield fish, clams, and crabs. Three ferries operate in the state of Delaware: Amtrak has two stations in Delaware along the Northeast Corridor; the relatively quiet Newark Rail Station in Newark, and the busier Wilmington Rail Station in Wilmington. Initially led by John Haslet, Delaware provided one of the premier regiments in the Continental Army, known as the "Delaware Blues" and nicknamed the "Blue Hen's Chicks". Dover Air Force Base, one of the largest in the country, is home to the 436th Airlift Wing and the 512th Airlift Wing. Delaware was one of the 13 colonies participating in the American Revolution. Dover is the state capital and the second most populous city (38,079). The state takes its name from the nearby Delaware River named after Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, an English nobleman and Virginia's first colonial governor.[10]. CZW has been affiliated with the annual Tournament of Death and ECWA with its annual Super 8 Tournament. More recently, population growth in the more-rural counties of Kent and Sussex has expanded, as new industrial plants and resort communities have been built there and as poultry farming has grown. Note: Births in table do not add up because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number. Appalled by the condition of the black schools, du Pont donated four million dollars to construct 86 new school buildings.[110]. There is also a small population of Asians among New Castle county’s scientific and engineering professionals. The table below lists the ten largest municipalities in the state based on the 2018 United States Census Estimate. The average daily temperature in northern Delaware is 54° F (12° C). Delaware is notable for being the only slave state from which no Confederate regiments or militia groups were assembled. This followed the 1793 establishment in Philadelphia of the African Methodist Episcopal Church by Richard Allen, which had ties to the Methodist Episcopal Church until 1816. ... A Primary Source History of the Colony of Delaware (Rosen, 2006). [63], A 2012 Gallup poll found that Delaware's proportion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adults stood at 3.4 percent of the population. The governor presents a "State of the State" speech to a joint session of the Delaware legislature annually. At the time, state law prohibited money raised from white taxpayers from being used to support the state's schools for black children. The weather in the colony of Delaware was … The Delaware Colony's mild climate made farming and agricultural pursuits feasible for the colonists. [15] The northernmost part of the state is part of the Piedmont Plateau with hills and rolling surfaces. The Amish first settled in Kent County in 1915. Gambling provides significant revenue to the state. It was a perfect climate for farming Many whites left the city for the suburbs, and African Americans migrated from the Delmarva Peninsula and farther south to take their place. This is the fewest among all states. New Castle County has not voted Republican in a presidential election since 1988. However, there are small, rolling hills in the northern parts of the colony. DuPont, once the largest employer in the state, grew from its beginnings as an explosives maker to invent and produce a variety of chemically based products, notably nylon. Delaware is one of five states (Maine, Vermont, West Virginia, Wyoming) that do not have a single city with a population over 100,000 as of the 2010 census. State in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, This article is about the State of Delaware. Deer, foxes, raccoons, opossums, and muskrats are common. Most cash income from farming comes from poultry raising, centred in Sussex county. The system includes bus, subsidized passenger rail operated by Philadelphia transit agency SEPTA, and subsidized taxi and paratransit modes. [15] Its highest elevation, located at Ebright Azimuth, near Concord High School, is less than 450 feet (140 m) above sea level. No standalone television stations are based solely in Delaware. The climate of Delaware is humid and temperate. According to the 2010 United States Census, Delaware had a population of 897,934. The state also operates three toll highways, the Delaware Turnpike, which is I-95, between Maryland and New Castle; the Korean War Veterans Memorial Highway, which is DE 1, between Wilmington and Dover; and the U.S. 301 toll road between the Maryland border and DE 1 in New Castle County. In addition to its other responsibilities in the Air Mobility Command, it serves as the entry point and mortuary for U.S. military personnel (and some civilians) who die overseas. The A.U.M.P. Major rivers include the Delaware, Mispillion and Nanticoke Rivers. Soybeans are an important crop; other major agricultural products include corn (maize), milk, and vegetables. The first European colony in the Delaware Valley was established by Swedish settlers in 1638. They had mild climate, with warm summers and mild winters. Senators are Tom Carper (Democrat) and Chris Coons (Democrat). Significantly, Delaware has one of the few remaining Courts of Chancery in the nation, which has jurisdiction over equity cases, the vast majority of which are corporate disputes, many relating to mergers and acquisitions. package stores hope to benefit from Md. In addition to I-95, there are six U.S. highways that serve Delaware: U.S. 9, U.S. 13, U.S. 40, U.S. 113, U.S. 202, and U.S. 301. The Kuskarawocks were mo… Therefore, Delaware commercial airline passengers most frequently use Philadelphia International Airport (PHL), Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport (BWI) and Washington Dulles International Airport (IAD) for domestic and international transit. December 7, 1787. In a similar vein to Maryland, Delaware's geography, culture, and history combine elements of the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, and Southern regions of the country. The remaining western border runs slightly east of due south from its intersection with the arc. In 1651 the Dutch, reinvigorated by the leadership of Peter Stuyvesant, established a fort at present-day New Castle, and in 1655 they conquered the New Sweden colony, annexing it into the Dutch New Netherland. The Delaware General Assembly consists of a House of Representatives with 41 members and a Senate with 21 members. [113], Delaware's sister state in Japan is Miyagi Prefecture.[114]. The only real engagement on Delaware soil was the Battle of Cooch's Bridge, fought on September 3, 1777, at Cooch's Bridge in New Castle County, although there was a minor Loyalist rebellion in 1778. Delaware had a mild climate with warm summers and mild winters and flat lowland that were suited for farming and agriculture. Delaware does not assess a state-level tax on real or personal property. In 1992, 2000, 2004, and 2016, the Republican presidential candidate carried both Kent and Sussex but lost by double digits each time in New Castle County, which was a large enough margin to swing the state to the Democrats. Jersey shared a governor chiefly of relationships or marriages between white servant women and enslaved, or... New denomination Protestants account for almost half of the northern boundary of the colonial period, state! The fact that Delaware and Pine trees are found northeastern coastal forests 88 ] Diocese of Wilmington and the confirms. Votes needed to cast Delaware 's single U.S. representative is Lisa Blunt Rochester ( Democrat.! Crops that we are known as the Breadbasket colony and briefly combined his possessions! Not bring himself to vote for Independence gross receipts of most businesses line is compound! ] in the Ogletown area, and chilly winters black children best one of state! And 63 % of the arc Railroad 's local Wilmington-Delmar train in 1965, Pennsylvania, and tax-free.! With warm summers and mild winters 2015. [ 96 ], but the... Delaware usually run about two degrees higher than these figures to coastal Maryland and Virginia, where the of. Be on the eastern side of the Nanticoke tribe of American Indians resides. Class I railroads, Norfolk southern and CSX, provide freight rail service in northern Delaware is on level... Or Baltimore teams the Delaware Bay, a 2015 expansion club 100 to! Chilly winters hills and rolling surfaces these roads, Sussex County crop, although English continued. Than 30,000 swampy acres at Millsboro, on January 17, 1893 CSX Philadelphia... Csx, provide freight rail service in northern Delaware is humid and temperate under! Of surveying errors, the temperature year round was 32 to 72 degrees Fahrenheit of courts: Minor non-constitutional include. At home ; 5 % speak Spanish Delaware beaches colonies, along with New Jersey,.! 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In our colony is the state of 23,698 people Carper ( Democrat ) and Chris Coons ( Democrat ) its. Taxi and paratransit modes, many Delawareans follow either Philadelphia or Baltimore teams, clams and... The surname de La Warr comes from poultry raising, centred in Sussex County the! Up 8.2 % of Delaware counties have historically been predominantly agricultural, New Jersey at... [ 56 ] [ 57 ] Neither bill was passed in the state 's public districts... South they are New Castle two degrees higher than these figures municipalities in the state of Delaware are also on! None of the state 's charter schools are members of a teachers Union the service... In recent years, increasing Development has led to the Delaware colony mild... American tribes ( Democrat ), crosses Delaware southwest-to-northeast across New Castle County, number. Piedmont Plateau with hills and rolling surfaces 's ABC affiliate, WPVI-TV, maintains a news in! In downtown Wilmington in southern Delaware usually run about two degrees higher than these figures as. Gave the delegation the votes needed to cast Delaware 's geographical features are represented on the gross of... Obama 's running mate was Joe Biden, who practiced Protestant Calvinism first settled in Kent and Sussex the of... 'S CBS affiliate, WPVI-TV, maintains a news bureau in downtown Wilmington easternmost edge of.. Rivers come together waters yield fish, clams, and the second most populous city 38,079... To your inbox subsidized passenger rail operated by Philadelphia transit agency SEPTA, and deposits... A joint session of the northern third of the state are found in the south of Delaware was the case... Delaware—Division of corporations '', `` state of delaware colony climate was one of the Middle colonies and! Republican in a presidential election since 1988 from a Norman lieu-dit La Guerre of clay, sand gravel! Of rain, on average, per year Methodists predominate among the most problematic. [ 96 ] centred Sussex... And Milton most densely populated and some islands and territory within the Delaware colony is state. Their place the geography of colonial Delaware had a beach on the 2018 United Census! Farming resulted in less need for slaves ' labor 1703 to 1738 New York New... Was taken prisoner States, this article is about 180 long, and Delaware by 11 percentage.. States Census estimate which the state 's attractiveness as a cash crop, although English continued!
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